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Scientific American: Illusion
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00108_Field_frep109.txt
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1996-12-30
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85 lines
It is easy to conceive of a high
degree of specificity in the
brain when you remember that
it contains one million million
cells. If you lined up one
million million periods of the
size shown here next to one
another, the line would stretch
around the circumference of
the earth almost twelve and a
half times.
After hearing about simple
and complex cells, people often
complain that the analysis of
every tiny part of our visual
field--for all possible
orientations and for dark lines,
light lines, and edges--must
surely require an astronomic
number of cells. The answer is
yes, certainly. But that fits
perfectly, because an
astronomic number of cells is
just what the cortex has. Today
we can say what the cells in
this part of the brain are doing,
at least in response to many
simple, everyday visual stimuli.
I suspect that no two striate
cortical cells do exactly the
same thing, because whenever
a microelectrode tip succeeds
in recording from two cells at a
time, the two show slight
differences--in exact receptive
field position, directional
selectivity, strength of
response, or some other
attribute. In short, there seems
to be little redundancy in this
part of the brain.
How sure can we be that
these cells are not wired up to
respond to some other stimulus
besides straight line segments?
It is not as though we and
others have not tried many
other stimuli, including faces,
Cosmopolitan covers, and
waving our hands. Experience
shows that we would be foolish
to think that we had exhausted
the list of possibilities. In the
early 1960s, just when we felt
satisfied with the striate cortex
and wanted to move on to the
next area (in fact, we had
moved on), we happened to
record from a sluggishly
responding cell in the striate
cortex and, by making the slit
shorter, found that this very
cell was anything but a sluggish
responder. In this way we
stumbled on end stopping. And
it took almost twenty years'
work with the monkey striate
cortex before we became aware
of blobs--pockets of cells
specialized for color, described
in Chapter 8. Having expressed
these reservations, I should add
that I have no doubt at all that
some of the findings, such as
orientation selectivity, are
genuine properties of these
cells. There is too much
collateral evidence, such as the
functional anatomy, described
in Chapter 5, to allow for much
scepticism.